{"id":33425,"date":"2024-10-09T15:06:48","date_gmt":"2024-10-09T13:06:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/?p=33425"},"modified":"2024-10-09T15:06:48","modified_gmt":"2024-10-09T13:06:48","slug":"theory-of-the-mind-in-schizophrenia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/cognitive-stimulation-news\/mental-illness\/schizophrenia\/theory-of-the-mind-in-schizophrenia\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-xl-font-size\">\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0631\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u00bb \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 Premack \u0648 Woodruff (1978) \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ruiz, Garc\u00eda y Fuentes (2006) \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b<strong> \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b <strong>\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/strong>. \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 <strong>\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626<\/strong>. <em>\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0622\u0646\u064a<\/em> (Baron- Cohen, Leslie y Frith, 1985) \u0648<em>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/em> (Happ\u00e8, 1994) \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Preguntas de segundo orden<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Las preguntas de segundo orden <strong>eval\u00faan hasta qu\u00e9 punto el sujeto evaluado es capaz de predecir la falsa creencia que uno de los personajes tiene sobre la creencia de otro personaje<\/strong>, <em>Ice- Cream Van Store <\/em>(Baron- Cohen, 1989) y <em>Burglar Store<\/em> (Happ\u00e8 y Frith, 1994) son pruebas creadas para el planteamiento de preguntas de segundo orden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hinting Task<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Uno de los instrumentos m\u00e1s usados en investigaci\u00f3n en psicosis es el <em>Hinting Task<\/em> (Corcoran, Mercer y Frith, 1995) que comprende <strong>diez historias cortas en las que se da una interacci\u00f3n entre dos personajes<\/strong>. Todas estas historias <strong>finalizan con una indirecta<\/strong> de uno de los personajes al otro. El objetivo de la tarea es que, tras la lectura de las diferentes historias por parte del evaluador, el sujeto trate de explicar aquello que intenta decir el personaje que emite la indirecta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Faux Pas Task<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>El <em>Faux Pas Task<\/em> (Stone, Baron-Cohen, Calder y Keane, 1998) presenta al sujeto diez historias en las que <strong>uno de los personajes comete un error diciendo algo que resulta socialmente embarazoso<\/strong>. Tras presentarle cada una de las historias al sujeto, se le pide que detecte la situaci\u00f3n socialmente embarazosa y valore como ha podido sentirse el otro personaje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La prueba requiere capacidad por parte del sujeto para <strong>detectar creencias falsas<\/strong> en el caso de la persona que comete el error socialmente embarazoso, y para <strong>inferir estados emocionales<\/strong> seg\u00fan considere c\u00f3mo ha podido sentirse el personaje que ha recibido la verbalizaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Eye-Task<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Eye-Task<\/em> (Baron- Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, Raste y Plumb, 2001), consiste en <strong>mostrar a los participantes varias fotograf\u00edas en las que s\u00f3lo se muestran los ojos de un sujeto, pidi\u00e9ndoles que infieran qu\u00e9 puede estar sintiendo o pensando la persona<\/strong>. Para realizar esta valoraci\u00f3n, el participante \u00fanicamente puede elegir una de las cuatro palabras que se le ofrecen como opciones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<aside class=\"wp-block-group br-0111 has-primary-background-color has-background has-dark-background has-sm-padding-top has-sm-padding-left has-sm-padding-right has-xxl-margin-top\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full desktop-position-absolute desktop-bottom-0 mobile-width-50 mobile-m-inline-auto has-xl-margin-top\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"292\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/shahadat-al-muntaj.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-31568\" srcset=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/shahadat-al-muntaj-259x300.webp 259w, https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/shahadat-al-muntaj.webp 292w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 292px) 100vw, 292px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-white-color has-text-color\"><strong>\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/strong> <br>\u0641\u064a <br>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button--1\" style=\"--button-outline-color:var(--color-white);--button-outline-color-hover:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link button button-outline   wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/newsletter\/\">\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646<\/a><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/aside>\n\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u00e9ficits de la teor\u00eda de la mente en la esquizofrenia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Las diferencias encontradas en cuanto al rendimiento en esta \u00e1rea por parte de pacientes diagnosticados de esquizofrenia y sujetos control es sustancial, tal y como ponen de relieve dos &nbsp;metaan\u00e1lisis que encuentran tama\u00f1os del efecto entre medios (d=0,69) y grandes (d=1,25) para estas diferencias (Bora, Yucel y Pantelis, 2009; Sprong, Schothorst, Vos, Hox y Van Engeland, 2007).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hip\u00f3tesis de las investigaciones<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Hist\u00f3ricamente se ha tratado de estudiar hasta qu\u00e9 punto son los s\u00edntomas de la esquizofrenia los que determinan los d\u00e9ficits que las personas diagnosticadas con esta enfermedad presentan en teor\u00eda de la mente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Algunas &nbsp;investigaciones apuestan por la hip\u00f3tesis de que el sujeto ha de presentar una <strong>teor\u00eda de la mente sin d\u00e9ficits<\/strong> de ninguna clase para que pueda desarrollar ideas delirantes persecutorias (Drury, Robinson y Birchwood, 1998; Watson, Blenner-Hasset y Charlton, 2000).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Otras se\u00f1alan que los pacientes que muestran sintomatolog\u00eda negativa o desorganizada <strong>nunca han llegado a desarrollar una teor\u00eda de la mente<\/strong>, aspecto que puede ser observado en el peor rendimiento que muestran cuando se enfrentan a tareas que exigen el uso de&nbsp; esta capacidad (Garety y Freeman, 1999; Greig, Bryson y Bell, 2004)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objetivo de las investigaciones<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Un objetivo actual en el estudio de los d\u00e9ficits en teor\u00eda de la mente en la esquizofrenia es identificar si estos d\u00e9ficits <strong>se asemejan a un rasgo o un estado de la enfermedad<\/strong>, pues ayudar\u00eda a resolver la cuesti\u00f3n de si est\u00e1n asociados exclusivamente a los s\u00edntomas de la enfermedad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Es de destacar que el grueso de la investigaci\u00f3n que se ha llevado a cabo en este sentido, se\u00f1ala que estos d\u00e9ficits se constituir\u00edan como un <strong>rasgo propio de la enfermedad<\/strong> (Herold, Tenyi, Lenard y Trixler, 2002; Irani y cols, 2006; Janssen, Krabbendam, Jolles y Van Os, 2003; Penn, Sanna y Roberts 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aunque estudios como el de Bora y cols (2009) ponen de manifiesto que, a pesar de que estos d\u00e9ficits parecen permanecer presentes en cualquier fase de la enfermedad, no se conoce hasta qu\u00e9 punto serian l<strong>as problem\u00e1ticas neurocognitivas en <a href=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\/\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">memoria de trabajo<\/a> y <a href=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\/\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">funciones ejecutivas<\/a>, o la propia sintomatolog\u00eda residua<\/strong>l, los factores que realmente contribuyen al mantenimiento de \u00e9stos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Parece pues necesario seguir investigando en esta direcci\u00f3n antes de poder afirmar que dichos d\u00e9ficits se constituyen como un rasgo de la enfermedad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Visi\u00f3n neurol\u00f3gica<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A nivel neurol\u00f3gico, Rodr\u00edguez y Touri\u00f1o (2010) se\u00f1alan que en estudios de neuroimagen con sujetos sanos se ha constatado que algunas zonas cerebrales como el \u00e1rea prefrontal, la am\u00edgdala o el l\u00f3bulo parietal inferior, se activan durante la realizaci\u00f3n de tareas en las que ha de ponerse en pr\u00e1ctica la teor\u00eda de la mente (Brunet, Sarfati, Hardy-Bayle y Decety, 2000; 2003). En el caso de pacientes diagnosticados de esquizofrenia se ha encontrado una <strong>disminuci\u00f3n de la activaci\u00f3n en el c\u00f3rtex prefrontal derecho y en el giro frontal inferior izquierdo<\/strong> durante la realizaci\u00f3n de tareas de de este tipo (Adolphs, 2002; Brunet y cols, 2000).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sm-font-size\">\n<li>Adolphs, R. (2002). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0629. <em>Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 12<\/em>(2), 1-9<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Baron- Cohen, S. (1989). \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f. <em>Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30<\/em>(2), 285-297<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Baron- Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., y Frith, U. (1985). \u0647\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u061f <em>Cognition, 21<\/em>(1), 37-46<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Baron\u2010Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., y Plumb, I. (2001). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 &#8220;\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646&#8221;: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. <em>Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry<\/em>, <em>42<\/em>(2), 241-251.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bora, E., Yucel, M., y Pantelis, C. (2009). \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645: \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a. <em>Schizophrenia Research, 109 <\/em>(1-3), 1-9<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Brunet, E., Sarfati, Y., Hardy-Bayle, M. C., y Decety, J. (2000). \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 PET \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629. <em>Neuroimage, 11<\/em>(2), 157-166<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Brunet, E., Sarfati, Y., Hardy-Bayle, M. C. y Decety, J. (2003). \u0634\u0630\u0648\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645. <em>Neuropsychologia, 41<\/em>(12), 1574-1582.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Corcoran, R., Mercer, G., y Frith, C. D. (1995). \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644&#8221; \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645. <em>Schizophrenia Research<\/em>, <em>17<\/em>(1), 5-13.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Drury, V. M., Robinson, E. J., y Birchwood, M. (1998). \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621. <em>Psychological Medicine, 28<\/em>(5), 1101-1112<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Garety, P. A., y Freeman, D. (1999). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0645: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629. <em>British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38<\/em>(2), 113-154.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Greig, T. C., Bryson, G. J., y Bell, M. D. (2004). \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645: \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629-\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629. <em>Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192<\/em>(1), 12-18<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Happ\u00e8, F. (1994). \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644: \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646. <em>Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24<\/em>(2), 129-154<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Happ\u00e8, F., y Frith, U. (1994). \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f. \u0641\u064a E.Schloper y G.Mesivob (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0627\u0646). <em>Learning and Cognition in Autism <\/em>(pp.177-197). \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u060c NY: Plenum Press<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Herold, R., Tenyi, T., Lenard, K., y Trixler, M. (2002). \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0623\u0629. <em>Psychological Medicine, 32<\/em>(6), 1125-1129<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Irani, F., Platek, S. M., Panyavin, I. S., Calkins, M. E., Kohler, C., Siegel, S. J.,\u2026 y Gur, R. C. (2006). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. <em>Schizophrenia Research, 88<\/em>(1-3), 151-160.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Janssen, I., Krabbendam, L., Jolles, J., y Van Os, J. (2003). \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. <em>Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108<\/em>(2), 110-117<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Penn, D. L., Sanna, L. J., y Roberts, D. L. (2008). \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645: \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. <em>Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34<\/em>(3), 408-411<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Premack, D., y Woodruff, G. (1978). \u0647\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u061f <em>Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1<\/em>(4), 515-526.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rodr\u00edguez, J. A., y Touri\u00f1o, R. (2010). \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645. <em>Archivos de Psiquiatr\u00eda, 73<\/em>, 9-12<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ruiz, J. C., Garc\u00eda, S., y Fuentes, I. (2006). \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645. <em>Apuntes de Psicolog\u00eda, 24<\/em>(1-3), 137-155<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sprong, M., Schothorst, P., Vos, E., Hox, J., y Van Engeland, H. (2007). \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645: \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a. <em>British Journal of Psychiatry, 191<\/em>(1), 5-13.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stone, V. E., Baron-Cohen, S., Calder, A. W., y Keane, J. (1998). \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0629. <em>Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 24,<\/em> 1176<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Watson, F., Blenner-Hasset, R. C., y Charlton, B. G. (2000). \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0629. <em>Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 5<\/em>(3), 161-174.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u062c\u0628\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0647\u0645\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 NeuronUP.<\/h3>\n\n<div class=\"mai-grid entries entries-grid has-boxed has-image-full\" style=\"--entry-title-font-size:var(--font-size-lg);--align-text:start;--entry-meta-text-align:start;\"><div class=\"entries-wrap has-columns\" style=\"--columns-xs:1\/1;--columns-sm:1\/1;--columns-md:1\/3;--columns-lg:1\/3;--flex-xs:0 0 var(--flex-basis);--flex-sm:0 0 var(--flex-basis);--flex-md:0 0 var(--flex-basis);--flex-lg:0 0 var(--flex-basis);--column-gap:var(--spacing-lg);--row-gap:var(--spacing-lg);--align-columns:start;\"><article class=\"entry entry-grid is-column has-entry-link has-image has-image-first type-post category-cognitive-stimulation-news tag-neuronup-news\" style=\"--entry-index:1;\" aria-label=\"\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0634\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d\u061f\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\"><a class=\"entry-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/cognitive-stimulation-news\/neuroscience-of-olfaction-in-neurorehabilitation-how-does-the-brain-encode-odors\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/NeuronUP-Neurociencia-del-olfato-en-neurorrehabilitacion-Como-codifica-el-cerebro-los-olores.webp\" class=\"entry-image size-landscape-sm\" alt=\"NeuronUP-\u0639\u0644\u0645-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628-\u0644\u0644\u0634\u0645-\u0641\u064a-\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644-\u0627\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a?\" srcset=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/NeuronUP-Neurociencia-del-olfato-en-neurorrehabilitacion-Como-codifica-el-cerebro-los-olores-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/NeuronUP-Neurociencia-del-olfato-en-neurorrehabilitacion-Como-codifica-el-cerebro-los-olores-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/NeuronUP-Neurociencia-del-olfato-en-neurorrehabilitacion-Como-codifica-el-cerebro-los-olores-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/NeuronUP-Neurociencia-del-olfato-en-neurorrehabilitacion-Como-codifica-el-cerebro-los-olores.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width:599px) 599px, (min-width:600px) and (max-width: 799px) 799px, (min-width:800px) and (max-width: 999px) 333px, (min-width:1000px) 400px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"entry-wrap entry-wrap-grid\"><h3 class=\"entry-title\" itemprop=\"headline\"><a class=\"entry-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/cognitive-stimulation-news\/neuroscience-of-olfaction-in-neurorehabilitation-how-does-the-brain-encode-odors\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0634\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d\u061f<\/a><\/h3>\n<\/div><\/article><article class=\"entry entry-grid is-column has-entry-link has-image has-image-first type-post category-activities-of-gnosis tag-neuronup-news tag-cognitive-stimulation-activities tag-cognitive-stimulation-activities-for-children tag-children tag-gnosias\" style=\"--entry-index:2;\" aria-label=\"\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644: \u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\"><a class=\"entry-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/neurorehabilitation-activities\/activities-for-cognitive-functions\/activities-of-gnosis\/worksheet-to-work-on-visual-gnosias-in-children-complete-the-image\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"271\" src=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Captura-de-pantalla-2023-04-12-a-las-11.59.50.webp\" class=\"entry-image size-landscape-sm\" alt=\"\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644: \u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Captura-de-pantalla-2023-04-12-a-las-11.59.50-300x203.webp 300w, https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Captura-de-pantalla-2023-04-12-a-las-11.59.50-768x520.webp 768w, https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Captura-de-pantalla-2023-04-12-a-las-11.59.50-1024x693.webp 1024w, https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Captura-de-pantalla-2023-04-12-a-las-11.59.50.webp 1250w\" sizes=\"(max-width:599px) 599px, (min-width:600px) and (max-width: 799px) 799px, (min-width:800px) and (max-width: 999px) 333px, (min-width:1000px) 400px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"entry-wrap entry-wrap-grid\"><h3 class=\"entry-title\" itemprop=\"headline\"><a class=\"entry-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/neurorehabilitation-activities\/activities-for-cognitive-functions\/activities-of-gnosis\/worksheet-to-work-on-visual-gnosias-in-children-complete-the-image\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644: \u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/a><\/h3>\n<\/div><\/article><article class=\"entry entry-grid is-column has-entry-link has-image has-image-first type-post category-zanzibar tag-children tag-cognitive-stimulation tag-projects tag-zanzibar\" style=\"--entry-index:3;\" aria-label=\"\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629: \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 PsicoNED \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0646\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\"><a class=\"entry-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/projects\/zanzibar\/neurorehabilitation-and-cognitive-stimulation-in-low-resource-zones-the-psiconed-project-in-zanzibar\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"398\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Neurorrehabilitacion-y-estimulacion-cognitiva-en-zonas-de-bajos-recursos-el-proyecto-PsicoNED-en-Zanzibar.webp\" class=\"entry-image size-landscape-sm\" alt=\"\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629: \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 PsicoNED \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0646\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\" srcset=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Neurorrehabilitacion-y-estimulacion-cognitiva-en-zonas-de-bajos-recursos-el-proyecto-PsicoNED-en-Zanzibar-300x226.webp 300w, https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Neurorrehabilitacion-y-estimulacion-cognitiva-en-zonas-de-bajos-recursos-el-proyecto-PsicoNED-en-Zanzibar-768x579.webp 768w, https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Neurorrehabilitacion-y-estimulacion-cognitiva-en-zonas-de-bajos-recursos-el-proyecto-PsicoNED-en-Zanzibar-1024x771.webp 1024w, https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Neurorrehabilitacion-y-estimulacion-cognitiva-en-zonas-de-bajos-recursos-el-proyecto-PsicoNED-en-Zanzibar.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width:599px) 599px, (min-width:600px) and (max-width: 799px) 799px, (min-width:800px) and (max-width: 999px) 333px, (min-width:1000px) 400px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"entry-wrap entry-wrap-grid\"><h3 class=\"entry-title\" itemprop=\"headline\"><a class=\"entry-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/projects\/zanzibar\/neurorehabilitation-and-cognitive-stimulation-in-low-resource-zones-the-psiconed-project-in-zanzibar\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629: \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 PsicoNED \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0646\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/h3>\n<\/div><\/article><article class=\"entry entry-grid is-column has-entry-link has-image has-image-first type-post category-neuroscience tag-brain\" style=\"--entry-index:4;\" aria-label=\"\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u061f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\"><a class=\"entry-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/neuroscience\/what-is-magnetoreception\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"246\" src=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/plantilla-blog-1.webp\" class=\"entry-image size-landscape-sm\" alt=\"\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629 1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/plantilla-blog-1-300x185.webp 300w, https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/plantilla-blog-1.webp 650w\" sizes=\"(max-width:599px) 599px, (min-width:600px) and (max-width: 799px) 799px, (min-width:800px) and (max-width: 999px) 333px, (min-width:1000px) 400px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"entry-wrap entry-wrap-grid\"><h3 class=\"entry-title\" itemprop=\"headline\"><a class=\"entry-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/neuroscience\/what-is-magnetoreception\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u061f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/a><\/h3>\n<\/div><\/article><article class=\"entry entry-grid is-column has-entry-link has-image has-image-first type-post category-activities-for-social-cognition tag-cognitive-stimulation-activities tag-cognitive-stimulation-activities-for-children tag-social-cognition\" style=\"--entry-index:5;\" aria-label=\"\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\"><a class=\"entry-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/neurorehabilitation-activities\/activities-for-cognitive-functions\/activities-for-social-cognition\/social-cognition-in-children-and-how-we-work-with-neuronup\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"273\" src=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Que-esperan-encontrar-4-1.webp\" class=\"entry-image size-landscape-sm\" alt=\"\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\" srcset=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Que-esperan-encontrar-4-1-300x205.webp 300w, https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Que-esperan-encontrar-4-1-768x524.webp 768w, https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Que-esperan-encontrar-4-1-1024x699.webp 1024w, https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Que-esperan-encontrar-4-1.webp 1205w\" sizes=\"(max-width:599px) 599px, (min-width:600px) and (max-width: 799px) 799px, (min-width:800px) and (max-width: 999px) 333px, (min-width:1000px) 400px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"entry-wrap entry-wrap-grid\"><h3 class=\"entry-title\" itemprop=\"headline\"><a class=\"entry-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/neurorehabilitation-activities\/activities-for-cognitive-functions\/activities-for-social-cognition\/social-cognition-in-children-and-how-we-work-with-neuronup\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644<\/a><\/h3>\n<\/div><\/article><article class=\"entry entry-grid is-column has-entry-link has-image has-image-first type-post category-uncommon-diseases tag-rare-diseases\" style=\"--entry-index:6;\" aria-label=\"\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648-\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\"><a class=\"entry-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/uncommon-diseases\/deconstructing-adrenoleukodystrophy\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Deconstruyendo-la-adrenoleucodistrofia-NeuronUP.webp\" class=\"entry-image size-landscape-sm\" alt=\"\u0641\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 NeuronUP\" srcset=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Deconstruyendo-la-adrenoleucodistrofia-NeuronUP-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Deconstruyendo-la-adrenoleucodistrofia-NeuronUP-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Deconstruyendo-la-adrenoleucodistrofia-NeuronUP-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Deconstruyendo-la-adrenoleucodistrofia-NeuronUP.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width:599px) 599px, (min-width:600px) and (max-width: 799px) 799px, (min-width:800px) and (max-width: 999px) 333px, (min-width:1000px) 400px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"entry-wrap entry-wrap-grid\"><h3 class=\"entry-title\" itemprop=\"headline\"><a class=\"entry-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/uncommon-diseases\/deconstructing-adrenoleukodystrophy\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648-\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627<\/a><\/h3>\n<\/div><\/article><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sm-font-size\">&#8220;\u062a\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644. \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629:&#8221;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/estimulacion-y-rehabilitacion-cognitiva\/enfermedad-mental\/esquizofrenia\/teoria-de-la-mente-y-esquizofrenia\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/estimulacion-y-rehabilitacion-cognitiva\/enfermedad-mental\/esquizofrenia\/teoria-de-la-mente-y-esquizofrenia\/\"><em>Teor\u00eda de la mente en la esquizofrenia<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0631\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u00bb \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 Premack \u0648 Woodruff (1978) \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645 Ruiz, Garc\u00eda y Fuentes (2006) \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":200,"featured_media":33428,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[601],"tags":[682,659],"class_list":{"2":"type-post","7":"category-schizophrenia","8":"tag-schizophrenia","9":"tag-psychology","10":"entry"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33425","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/200"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33425"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33425\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33428"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33425"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33425"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neuronup.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33425"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}